male cosmetic surgery and young Plastic surgery patients

Special patient groups The male cosmetic surgery patient The young cosmetic surgery patient male cosmetic surgery and young Plastic surgery patients DOWNLOAD PDF Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery The male Plastic surgery patient Male patients account for nearly 9% of all cosmetic surgery in the US and men underwent nearly 145 000 cosmetic surgery operations in 2011.11 While the most common operations include lipoplasty and rhinoplasty (Fig. 1.3), men also represented 9% of all facelift (rhytidectomy) procedures in 2011. male Plastic surgery Fig. 1.3 Top five cosmetic surgeries for men.  (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2011 data.) Importantly, men are often overrepresented in the complication data for their procedures, particularly hematoma rates. This should be thoroughly discussed with patients before surgery. The reported incidence of hematoma following male rhytidectomy ranges from 8 to 13% in most series, twice as high as for females. This may be related to the greater vascularity of the male facial skin, with a higher number of microvessels to supply the hair follicles.12  Strict perioperative blood pressure control may be the most important aspect of care to reduce this rate. To this end, we routinely give males clonidine (a centrally acting, alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist) 0.1 mg postoperatively. This helps stabilize their blood pressure and is long-acting, with a half-life of about 12 hours. YOU CAN GET {Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery} EBOOK The young Plastic surgery patient How young is too young for male Plastic surgery? This is not a straightforward question and the answer usually depends on the reason for the surgery and the degree of patient deformity and concern. The number of teenage patients is small – only 2.1% of all patients undergoing male Plastic surgery in 2011.11 Data young cosmetic surgery Fig. 1.4 Percentage of patients for cosmetic surgery procedures who are 18 years and younger. (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2011 data.) from the last 12 years of reporting from both the ASAPS and the ASPS show similar rates every year over the time period, ranging between 1 and 3%. Excluding otoplasty (cosmetic ear surgery), rhinoplasty is the most common surgery for teenagers overall (Fig. 1.4). While ASAPS 2011 data show that only 1.5% of all breast augmentations were performed on women 18 years of age and under, over 44% of these were performed for purely cosmetic purposes (Fig. 1.5). This is despite the fact that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only approves saline-filled breast implants for cosmetic augmentation in women age 18 years and over, and silicone-filled implants for women 22 years and older. The FDA states that this restriction is placed because “breasts continue to develop through late teens and early 20s and because there is a concern that a young woman may not be mature enough to make an informed decision about the potential risks.”  YOU CAN GET {Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery} EBOOK As the FDA implies, the greatest concern when operating on a young patient is that the teen will have unrealistic expectations from the surgery. Clearly, plastic surgeons need to assess the mental as well as the physical maturity of younger patients before undertaking any surgical procedures. The young patient must understand that the surgery itself results in a permanent change. In particular, patients must understand that there will be permanent scars and there are potential complications which will be with them for life. A thorough preoperative assessment of why the young patient wishes to have the surgery, and what difference male Male Plastic surgery thinks it will make to her life should be undertaken. Any unrealistic expectations of the changes that the surgery may make should warn the surgeon against operating until male Plastic surgery is more emotionally mature and may prompt a psychological referral instead. DOWNLOAD PDF Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery male cosmetic surgery Fig. 1.5 Breast augmentation in women 18 years and under. *In 2011, 4830 procedures were performed on women 18 and under, less than 2% of the total number of breast augmentations. **The Food and Drug Administration recommends that cosmetic breast augmentation be restricted to women age 18 and above. (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2011 data.) In almost all of the US, individuals are considered minors and therefore unable to consent to surgery until they reach the age of 18. State legislation requires parental consent for surgery on any patient under 18 years. However, the state recognizes that the legal age of majority is arbitrary and that there are minors who are competent and others, of legal age, who are not. While this can be confusing, the fundamental basis of the legislation is to protect minors from the consequences of poor decisions. A responsible plastic surgeon also has a role to play in protecting young patients from the consequences of unnecessary surgery, even if male Plastic surgery is over the age of majority. First and foremost, it is the surgeon’s job to care about male Plastic surgery’s overall well-being. YOU CAN GET {Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery} EBOOK Younger patients need support people during and after surgery as much, or even more, than older adults. During the preoperative assessments, make note of who attends with the patient. Is it a parent or caregiver? Or is it a boyfriend or girlfriend? While patients over 18 are not required to inform their parents of their request for surgery, it can show a level of maturity if male Plastic surgery has discussed the surgery with parents and have family support before going ahead. Contrast this with young patients who do not want to tell anyone they are undergoing surgery. Who will look after them during their postoperative recovery period? Who will bring them to their follow-up visits? Who will support them if there are complications? Also, male Plastic surgery for cosmetic purposes is not normally covered by insurance, raising the question of how patients will pay for the primary surgery and what arrangements they can make to pay for revisions and complications.Parental and family support assists both emotionally and physically, and the plastic surgeon should be wary of operating on a young patient without an obvious support network. male cosmetic surgery and young Plastic surgery patients DOWNLOAD PDF Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery YOU CAN GET {Plastic Surgery Volume 2 - Aesthetic Surgery} EBOOK